{"id":674,"date":"2026-10-15T15:00:00","date_gmt":"2026-10-15T12:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.tornelle.com\/?post_type=tornelle_blog&#038;p=674"},"modified":"2026-09-21T23:10:11","modified_gmt":"2026-09-21T20:10:11","slug":"geometric-tolerances-gdt-iso-1101-contract-manufacturing","status":"publish","type":"tornelle_blog","link":"https:\/\/www.tornelle.com\/en\/blog\/geometrik-toleranslar-gdt-iso-1101-fason-imalat\/","title":{"rendered":"Geometrik Toleranslar (GD&#038;T \/ ISO 1101) Fason \u0130malatta Nas\u0131l Uygulan\u0131r?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc tolerans\u0131 bir \u00e7ap\u0131n veya uzunlu\u011fun ne kadar sapabilece\u011fini s\u00f6yler; geometrik tolerans ise \u015feklin, y\u00f6n\u00fcn ve konumun ne kadar sapabilece\u011fini. Fason imalatta anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcden de\u011fil geometriden \u00e7\u0131kar: &#8220;\u00c7ap toleransta ama delik yerinde de\u011fil&#8221;, &#8220;Y\u00fczey d\u00fczlem de\u011fil, montajda salg\u0131 yap\u0131yor&#8221;. Bu yaz\u0131, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tornelle.com\/en\/blog\/iso-2768-general-tolerances-what-do-they-mean-in-contract-manufacturing\/\">ISO 2768 genel toleranslar<\/a> yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde, geometrik toleranslar\u0131n tedarik\u00e7i taraf\u0131nda nas\u0131l okundu\u011funu, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve fiyatland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0130ki Sistem: ASME Y14.5 (GD&#038;T) ve ISO GPS (ISO 1101)<\/h2>\n<p>Amerikan resimleri ASME Y14.5 standard\u0131na, Avrupa resimleri ISO GPS ailesine (ISO 1101, ISO 5459, ISO 2692, ISO 8015) g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlan\u0131r. Semboller b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ayn\u0131d\u0131r; farklar ilkelerdedir: ISO 8015&#8217;te <strong>ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k ilkesi<\/strong> ge\u00e7erlidir (\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc ve \u015fekil toleranslar\u0131 birbirinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131r), ASME&#8217;de ise <strong>Kural #1<\/strong> gere\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc tolerans\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda \u015fekli de s\u0131n\u0131rlar (zarf ilkesi). T\u00fcrk at\u00f6lyeler her iki sistemi de okur; ancak resmin hangi standarda g\u00f6re \u00e7izildi\u011finin ba\u015fl\u0131k blo\u011funda yazmas\u0131 gerekir. Yazm\u0131yorsa tedarik\u00e7i sorar; sormuyorsa sorun potansiyelidir.<\/p>\n<h2>En S\u0131k Kullan\u0131lan Geometrik Toleranslar<\/h2>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Tolerans<\/th>\n<th>Ne kontrol eder<\/th>\n<th>Tipik uygulama<\/th>\n<th>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>D\u00fczlemsellik<\/td>\n<td>Y\u00fczeyin iki paralel d\u00fczlem aras\u0131nda kalmas\u0131<\/td>\n<td>S\u0131zd\u0131rmazl\u0131k y\u00fczeyleri, montaj tabanlar\u0131<\/td>\n<td>Granit + komparat\u00f6r, CMM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Silindiriklik \/ dairesellik<\/td>\n<td>Kesitin ve t\u00fcm y\u00fczeyin silindire yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/td>\n<td>Yatak y\u00fczeyleri, piston, valf mili<\/td>\n<td>Yuvarlakl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7er, CMM<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Diklik \/ paralellik<\/td>\n<td>Y\u00fczey veya eksenin datuma g\u00f6re y\u00f6n\u00fc<\/td>\n<td>Flan\u015f y\u00fczeyi\u2013delik ekseni, k\u0131lavuz y\u00fczeyleri<\/td>\n<td>CMM, komparat\u00f6r + g\u00f6nye<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Konum (position)<\/td>\n<td>Delik\/eksenin teorik konumdan sapmas\u0131<\/td>\n<td>Delik desenleri, pim delikleri<\/td>\n<td>CMM, konum mastar\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>E\u015f eksenlilik \/ e\u015f merkezlilik<\/td>\n<td>\u0130ki eksenin \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/td>\n<td>Kademeli miller, bur\u00e7lar<\/td>\n<td>CMM, salg\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ile dolayl\u0131<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Salg\u0131 (dairesel \/ toplam)<\/td>\n<td>D\u00f6nme ekseni etraf\u0131nda y\u00fczey sapmas\u0131<\/td>\n<td>Mil y\u00fczeyleri, di\u015fli oturma \u00e7aplar\u0131<\/td>\n<td>Punta aras\u0131 + komparat\u00f6r<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Profil (\u00e7izgi \/ y\u00fczey)<\/td>\n<td>Serbest formun teorik profile uyumu<\/td>\n<td>Kam, kanat, ergonomik y\u00fczeyler<\/td>\n<td>CMM tarama, optik<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Datum Mant\u0131\u011f\u0131: Referans Yoksa Tolerans da Yoktur<\/h2>\n<p>Konum, y\u00f6n ve salg\u0131 toleranslar\u0131 datum (referans) gerektirir. Datum sistemi A-B-C s\u0131ras\u0131 par\u00e7an\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmde nas\u0131l sabitlenece\u011fini tan\u0131mlar: birincil datum 3 serbestlik derecesini, ikincil 2, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcl 1 serbestlik derecesini k\u0131s\u0131tlar. Fason imalatta datum se\u00e7imi iki nedenle kritiktir: Tedarik\u00e7i par\u00e7ay\u0131 i\u015flerken ayn\u0131 y\u00fczeylerden ba\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r (fonksiyonel datum = i\u015fleme referans\u0131 ideali) ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm raporunda ayn\u0131 datumlardan \u00f6l\u00e7er. Resimde datum yoksa tedarik\u00e7i kendi referans\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7er; sizin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fczle uyu\u015fmayan sonu\u00e7lar buradan do\u011far. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tornelle.com\/en\/blog\/how-to-read-a-cmm-inspection-report\/\">CMM raporu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda<\/a> datum hizalaman\u0131n sonu\u00e7lara etkisi anlat\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Malzeme Ko\u015fulu: MMC, LMC ve Bonus Tolerans<\/h2>\n<p>Konum tolerans\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u24c2 (MMC, maksimum malzeme ko\u015fulu) sembol\u00fc varsa, delik en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ap\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fcd\u00fck\u00e7e konum tolerans\u0131 &#8220;bonus&#8221; kazan\u0131r: \u00d810 H9 delik i\u00e7in MMC&#8217;de \u00d80,1 konum tolerans\u0131, delik \u00d810,036&#8217;da i\u015flendiyse \u00d80,136 olur. Bu, montaj fonksiyonu i\u00e7in (c\u0131vata ge\u00e7i\u015fi) tamamen mant\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r ve imalatta ger\u00e7ek bir kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flar. Fonksiyon gereksiz yere RFS (\u24c8 \/ i\u015faretsiz) b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa tedarik\u00e7i bonusu kullanamaz ve fiyat y\u00fckselir. C\u0131vata ge\u00e7i\u015f delikleri i\u00e7in MMC kullanmak DFM&#8217;nin en basit kazan\u0131mlar\u0131ndand\u0131r; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tornelle.com\/en\/blog\/dfm-design-for-manufacturability-cut-cnc-costs\/\">DFM yaz\u0131m\u0131zda<\/a> di\u011fer \u00f6rnekler var.<\/p>\n<h2>Geometrik Tolerans\u0131n Maliyete Etkisi<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm s\u00fcresi:<\/strong> Bir konum tolerans\u0131 i\u00e7in CMM program\u0131 gerekir; 1\u20135 adetlik numunede bu, i\u015fleme s\u00fcresinden uzun olabilir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0130\u015fleme stratejisi:<\/strong> E\u015f eksenlilik 0,01 mm isteyen kademeli bir mil tek ba\u011flamada bitirilmelidir (torna-freze veya kar\u015f\u0131 aynal\u0131 torna); iki ba\u011flama ile bu de\u011fer \u015fansa kal\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Datum uyumsuzlu\u011fu:<\/strong> \u0130\u015fleme referans\u0131 ile fonksiyonel datum farkl\u0131ysa tedarik\u00e7i ara operasyon (referans y\u00fczeyi haz\u0131rlama) ekler.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Toplam salg\u0131 ve silindiriklik 0,005 mm ve alt\u0131:<\/strong> Ta\u015flama veya \u0131s\u0131l i\u015flem sonras\u0131 fini\u015f gerektirir; fason fiyatta ayr\u0131 kalem olur.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kural: Geometrik tolerans, fonksiyonun gerektirdi\u011fi yerde ve gerektirdi\u011fi s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131kta olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Resmin her deli\u011fine \u00d80,05 konum tolerans\u0131 yazmak, par\u00e7ay\u0131 %20\u201340 pahal\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve \u00e7o\u011fu zaman gereksizdir. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tornelle.com\/en\/blog\/tolerance-selection-is-0-01-mm-really-necessary\/\">Tolerans se\u00e7imi yaz\u0131m\u0131zda<\/a> bu dengeyi anlat\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n<h2>Tedarik\u00e7iye Resim G\u00f6nderirken Yap\u0131lan Hatalar<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Standart belirtmemek (ISO 8015 mi, ASME Y14.5 mi).<\/li>\n<li>Datum tan\u0131mlamadan konum tolerans\u0131 vermek.<\/li>\n<li>Datum olarak i\u015flenmemi\u015f (ham) y\u00fczey se\u00e7mek.<\/li>\n<li>Genel tolerans ISO 2768-mK yaz\u0131p K s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n geometrik anlam\u0131n\u0131 bilmemek (d\u00fczlemsellik, diklik, salg\u0131 i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131f K de\u011ferleri ge\u00e7erli olur).<\/li>\n<li>3D modelde PMI (\u00fcr\u00fcn imalat bilgisi) varken PDF&#8217;te farkl\u0131 tolerans b\u0131rakmak; iki kaynak \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011finde tedarik\u00e7i hangisine uyaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilemez.<\/li>\n<li>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemini belirtmemek: Salg\u0131 puntada m\u0131, V-yatakta m\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclecek? Sonu\u00e7lar farkl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kabilir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Tedarik\u00e7i Taraf\u0131nda Do\u011frulama<\/h2>\n<p>\u0130yi bir fason tedarik\u00e7i, teklif a\u015famas\u0131nda geometrik toleranslar\u0131 ayr\u0131 listeler ve hangi ekipmanla \u00f6l\u00e7ece\u011fini belirtir. \u0130lk numune raporunda (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tornelle.com\/en\/blog\/first-article-inspection-fai-isir-process-step-by-step-guide\/\">FAI<\/a>) her geometrik tolerans i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen de\u011fer, datum hizalama y\u00f6ntemi ve kullan\u0131lan cihaz yazmal\u0131d\u0131r. Seri \u00fcretimde kritik geometrik \u00f6zellikler kontrol plan\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131r ve belirli s\u0131kl\u0131kta \u00f6rneklenir; 100 % \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yaln\u0131zca fonksiyonel mastarla (konum mastar\u0131, ge\u00e7er\/ge\u00e7mez) ekonomik olur.<\/p>\n<h2>Fason Tedarik\u00e7iyle GD&#038;T \u00dczerine Konu\u015furken<\/h2>\n<p>Geometrik toleranslar teklif a\u015famas\u0131nda en \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lan konudur; tedarik\u00e7iyle \u015fu noktalar\u0131 netle\u015ftirmek sonraki tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu \u00f6nler:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hangi standart uygulanacak?<\/strong> ISO GPS (ISO 1101, ISO 5459, ISO 8015) ile ASME Y14.5 aras\u0131nda varsay\u0131lan kurallar farkl\u0131d\u0131r; ba\u015fl\u0131k blo\u011funda yazmal\u0131, tedarik\u00e7i de hangi kurallarla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemelidir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemi:<\/strong> Pozisyon ve profil toleranslar\u0131 CMM gerektirir; salg\u0131 ve e\u015f eksenlilik ise komparat\u00f6r ve d\u00f6ner tablayla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilir. Tedarik\u00e7inin hangi \u00f6zelli\u011fi hangi cihazla \u00f6l\u00e7ece\u011fini kontrol plan\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcn.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Datum y\u00fczeylerinin i\u015flenebilirli\u011fi:<\/strong> Datum A olarak se\u00e7ilen y\u00fczey, tedarik\u00e7inin ba\u011flama y\u00fczeyi olabilmelidir; d\u00f6k\u00fcm y\u00fczeyi veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir faturay\u0131 datum yapmak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm belirsizli\u011fini art\u0131r\u0131r.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Raporlama bi\u00e7imi:<\/strong> Geometrik toleranslar raporda ger\u00e7ek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclen sapma ve tolerans b\u00f6lgesiyle birlikte verilmeli; yaln\u0131zca &#8220;OK&#8221; yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Maliyet etkisi:<\/strong> Tolerans\u0131 0,05&#8217;ten 0,02 mm&#8217;ye daraltman\u0131n fiyat\u0131 ne kadar art\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a sorun; iyi tedarik\u00e7i hangi \u00f6zelli\u011fin ger\u00e7ekten maliyet yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler ve alternatif \u00f6nerir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme genellikle 20 dakikal\u0131k bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcl\u00fc toplant\u0131da yap\u0131l\u0131r ve ilk numune onay\u0131n\u0131n ilk seferde ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flar; sonras\u0131nda seri partilerde yaln\u0131zca kritik \u00f6zellikler izlenir.<\/p>\n<h2>S\u0131k Sorulan Sorular<\/h2>\n<h3>Resmimde geometrik tolerans yok, sorun olur mu?<\/h3>\n<p>Genel tolerans standard\u0131 (ISO 2768-mK gibi) yaz\u0131yorsa geometrik sapmalar i\u00e7in de s\u0131n\u0131rlar vard\u0131r. Fonksiyonel olarak kritik y\u00fczeylerde yine de a\u00e7\u0131k tolerans vermeniz \u00f6nerilir; aksi h\u00e2lde &#8220;toleransta ama monte olmuyor&#8221; riski do\u011far.<\/p>\n<h3>Tedarik\u00e7i konum tolerans\u0131n\u0131 hangi cihazla \u00f6l\u00e7er?<\/h3>\n<p>Numune ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck seride CMM; seri \u00fcretimde kontrol plan\u0131na g\u00f6re CMM \u00f6rneklemesi ve fonksiyonel mastarlar kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>ISO ve ASME resimleri aras\u0131nda sonu\u00e7 fark\u0131 olur mu?<\/h3>\n<p>Ayn\u0131 sembol, farkl\u0131 ilkelerle (ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k\/zarf) farkl\u0131 kabul sonucu verebilir. Resmin standard\u0131n\u0131 belirtmek bu belirsizli\u011fi ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h3>MMC kullanmak kaliteyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcr m\u00fc?<\/h3>\n<p>Hay\u0131r; MMC fonksiyona (montaj ge\u00e7i\u015fi) ba\u011fl\u0131 ger\u00e7ek tolerans\u0131 tan\u0131mlar. Kaliteyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmez, gereksiz ret oran\u0131n\u0131 azalt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<h2>Sonu\u00e7<\/h2>\n<p>Geometrik toleranslar fason imalatta tedarik\u00e7iyle ortak dil kurar: do\u011fru datum, do\u011fru standart ve fonksiyona uygun s\u0131k\u0131l\u0131k; hem \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 hem maliyeti azalt\u0131r. Geometrik toleransl\u0131 resimlerinizi <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tornelle.com\/en\/#teklif-formu\">teklif formumuz<\/a> \u00fczerinden g\u00f6nderin; teklifle birlikte \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemi ve rapor kapsam\u0131n\u0131 da belirtiyoruz. Kalite yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tornelle.com\/en\/how-we-work\/\">nas\u0131l \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz<\/a> sayfam\u0131za bakabilirsiniz.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Teknik resimdeki bir konum tolerans\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesi, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc tolerans\u0131ndan \u00e7ok daha fazlas\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler: par\u00e7an\u0131n hangi y\u00fczeyden referans al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm y\u00f6nteminin gerekti\u011fini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ka\u00e7a mal olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131. Bu yaz\u0131 GD&#038;T (ASME Y14.5) ve ISO GPS (ISO 1101) sistemlerinin fason imalattaki pratik kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor: en s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan geometrik toleranslar, datum mant\u0131\u011f\u0131, malzeme ko\u015fulu (MMC\/LMC) ve bonus tolerans, her tolerans\u0131n hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm ekipman\u0131yla do\u011fruland\u0131\u011f\u0131, tedarik\u00e7iye resim g\u00f6nderirken yap\u0131lan hatalar ve maliyetle ili\u015fkisi.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1129,"template":"","meta":{"_yoast_wpseo_focuskw":"geometrik toleranslar GD&T ISO 1101","_yoast_wpseo_title":"Geometrik Toleranslar (GD&T \/ ISO 1101) Fason \u0130malatta","_yoast_wpseo_metadesc":"GD&T ve ISO 1101 geometrik toleranslar fason CNC imalatta nas\u0131l okunur, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr ve fiyatlan\u0131r: d\u00fczlemsellik, e\u015f eksenlilik, konum tolerans\u0131, MMC, datum.","_tornelle_badge":"Kalite","_tornelle_src_lang":"tr","_tornelle_en_cover":"1129","_tornelle_de_cover":"1128"},"tornelle_blog_cat":[24],"class_list":["post-674","tornelle_blog","type-tornelle_blog","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","tornelle_blog_cat-kalite-ve-standartlar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Geometrik Toleranslar (GD&amp;T \/ ISO 1101) Fason \u0130malatta<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"GD&amp;T ve ISO 1101 geometrik toleranslar fason CNC imalatta nas\u0131l okunur, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcr ve fiyatlan\u0131r: d\u00fczlemsellik, e\u015f eksenlilik, konum tolerans\u0131, MMC, datum.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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